*** Resolution ***
I thought I'd post a resolution to my issue. Sorry about the length.
Vehicle: VW Jetta 2.5L BCG, 2007 with 185,000 miles
Issue:
1. Driving back from the CO Mountains and the Jetta was running fine
2. Made a brief stop (10 minutes) and then restarted engine
3. Engine light came on and I noticed some misfires at lower rpm
4. Drove an additional 50 miles at speeds up to 80 mph and barely noticed misfiring
5. Next day I checked engine trouble codes and found:
----a. P0016: Crankshaft Position - Camshaft Position Correlation
----b. P0300: Random Misfire Detected,
----c. P0301 thru P0305: Cylinders 1-5 Misfire detected
6. Starting the engine was becoming more difficult
Repairs and Testing (note: fault codes are cleared before each retest)
1. Replaced the crankshaft sensor; no change in fault codes
2. Noticed that oil level was very low although the oil level idiot light had never come on
3. Drained oil and measured only about half (3 Liters) of the amount required
4. Replaced oil filter and added 6.5 Liters of oil
5. Replaced the camshaft sensor; no change in fault codes
6. Noticed that there was some oil just below the vacuum pump
7. I think I may have had a cascading failure. I believe my vacuum pump was leaking oil (oil 'mess' on top of tranny), then my oil level idiot light did not come on, then my oil level dropped to half of what it was supposed to be, which MAY have caused the timing chain to jump
8. Purchased a set of vacuum pump seals and rebuilt/reinstalled the vacuum pump. I did not anticipate that this would change any fault codes; it was a repair of the failure source.
9. Per the suggestion of Humble Mechanic I pulled and cleaned the N205 sensor
10. I noticed that oil level was too high. Drained oil until level was correct per dipstick
11. I wanted to verify that I had a timing chain issue before attempting that repair
12. Removed the ignition wiring and coils
13. Removed the spark plugs and noted that they were both dirty and had white deposits (overheating?)
14. Checked compress on each cylinder to verify that I had not damaged any valves. All cylinders were at about 135-140 psi, so there did not appear to be any valve damage
15. Removed the valve cover
16. Rotated engine (clockwise only) to bring the #5 cylinder to exactly Top Dead Center
17. Timing Chain check per Humble Mechanic: To determine if the timing chain was stretched or had jumped a tooth, I used some precision ground steel and a micrometer to check the flats on the camshafts to determine if they were or were not exactly level with each other. To my surprise, they seemed to be exactly parallel or if they were off, it was by less than 0.75 degree. This would seem to indicate that I did not have a timing chain issue
18. Reinstalled valve cover with new gasket
19. Installed new spark plugs
20. Reinstalled coils and ignition wiring
21. Reassembled engine cover and air intake ducting
22. Cleared fault codes and started engine. NO FAULT CODES DETECTED
23. Drove at moderate speed for about 5 miles. No issues starting engine, no misfires and no new fault codes
24. I’ll do some longer, higher speed trips to determine if the ‘fix’ is permanent
25. I’m not sure what finally corrected the issue but suspect it might have been changing the oil and replacing the trashed spark plugs or possibly cleaning the N205 sensor